{"id":1310,"date":"2016-10-05T14:05:27","date_gmt":"2016-10-05T21:05:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/keck.usc.edu\/news\/does-brain-size-really-matter\/"},"modified":"2023-11-19T12:15:51","modified_gmt":"2023-11-19T20:15:51","slug":"does-brain-size-really-matter","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/keck.usc.edu\/news\/does-brain-size-really-matter\/","title":{"rendered":"Does brain size really matter?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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\n\n \n Press Release<\/span>\n\n\n\n<\/div>\n \n \n
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Does brain size really matter?<\/h1>\n\n\n<\/div>\n \n \n
\n Zen Vuong<\/span>\n \n October 05, 2016<\/span>\n <\/div>\n \n \n
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USC researchers lead an international team identifying seven genes that predict \u2018intracranial volume\u2019 and Parkinson\u2019s disease<\/figcaption>\n <\/figure>\n \n \n \n\n<\/div>\n \n\n <\/div><\/div>\n\r\n\r\n\n\n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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Brain size may matter. In the world\u2019s largest MRI study on brain size to date, USC researchers and their international colleagues identified seven genetic hotspots that regulate brain growth, memory and reasoning as well as influence the onset of Parkinson\u2019s disease.
\nMost brain imaging studies evaluate around 100 people, but the Nature Neuroscience study\u00a0published on Oct. 3\u00a0examined 32,438 adults, said Paul Thompson, a corresponding author and associate director of the\u00a0USC Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute. The results bring scientists closer to understanding the genetic program that builds the living brain.
\n\u201cBrain measures from MRI account for about 15 percent of the differences in our cognitive ability \u2014 that is, brain-based skills required to perform simple and complex tasks,\u201d said Thompson, who led a team of more than 300 international scientists. \u201cThe genes underlying brain development have far-reaching effects that extend well beyond the initial years of life. You have genes that are beneficial for you and help build brain structures early in life. Yet some of these are harmful later in life and promote diseases such as Parkinson\u2019s.\u201d
\nParkinson\u2019s disease is a progressive disorder of the nervous system that affects movement and often leads to tremors. Like many other degenerative brain disorders, a cure does not yet exist.
\nAlthough scientists have not determined an ideal healthy brain size, a brain that is too small (microcephaly) or too big (macrocephaly) can lead to abnormal cognitive development and lifelong challenges. The human brain reaches maximum size around a person\u2019s early 20s, Thompson said.
\nThe study used data on subjects from 52 study sites that are part of the Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology consortium and Enhancing Neuro Imaging Genetics through Meta Analysis (ENIGMA) consortium, which is based at USC and led by Thompson. The research supports the notion that brain size could be used as a measure of \u201cbrain reserve,\u201d meaning brain size can promote resilience to age-related brain diseases.
\nENIGMA is part of the USC Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, which aims to enhance discovery through the application of imaging and information techniques in the study of the brain. The institute is a leader in data acquisition, analysis stewardship and computational innovation for the purpose of biomedical research.<\/p>\n

Genes and environment come into play<\/h3>\n

Both genetics and environmental factors affect brain size. Good diet, education and exercise build a healthy brain in young people and protect older people from tissue loss.
\n\u201cThis research is on the leading edge of cracking the brain\u2019s genetic code,\u201d Thompson said. \u201cMillions of people carry variations in their DNA that help boost or lower their brains\u2019 susceptibility to a vast range of diseases. Once we identify these genes, we can target them with drugs to reduce the risk of disease. People also can take preventive steps through exercise, diet and mental stimulation to erase the effects of a bad gene.\u201d
\nThe study began seven years ago. Its technique of using brain scans to identify gene hotspots provides more information than the traditional method of collecting DNA samples from patients.
\n\u201cNow that we can see a gene\u2019s imprint in brain scans, it\u2019s like capturing a thief red-handed,\u201d Thompson said. \u201cYou can chase it down brain pathways and circuits and discover what brain cells the gene is damaging. Using brain scans builds a foundation so that scientists in the future can better focus their studies on hotspots of interest.\u201d<\/p>\n

The seven genes and what they do<\/h3>\n

Thompson and his colleagues identified five new gene hubs that predict brain growth and confirmed two known hotspots. The genes in these areas provide links between an individual\u2019s maximum brain size and processes such as:<\/p>\n

    \n
  • the production of self-renewing stem cells (FOXO3)<\/li>\n
  • brain degeneration (MAPT)<\/li>\n
  • bone density (CENPW)<\/li>\n
  • physical growth (IGF1, HMGA2)<\/li>\n
  • DNA replication (GMNC)<\/li>\n
  • the creation of chemical bonds and proteins (PDCD).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    Researchers adjusted their data for height and confirmed growth predictions by examining 2,824 children from before birth until age 6.
    \nOf note, one of the areas of the human genome that affects brain size has a normal version and an inverted alphabet variant that evolved some 3 million years ago, Thompson said.
    \n\u201cMAPT is one of the most dangerous genes in this inverted zone,\u201d he said. \u201cIt is implicated in neurodegenerative diseases such as frontotemporal dementia and Parkinson\u2019s, Alzheimer\u2019s and Lou Gehrig\u2019s disease. Even in the normal brain-size range, brain scans reveal telltale signs of future disease.\u201d
    \nOngoing studies may reveal additional brain conditions that are promoted by the tau-associated MAPT gene, Thompson said.
    \n\u201cThe genetic program that builds our brains consists of growth factors, cancer genes, genes that promote dementia and genes that are crucial in helping the brain to form connections,\u201d Thompson said. \u201cA complex interplay of factors makes some genes that are beneficial in early life go rogue later in life. It\u2019s extremely important to understand when genes that affect brain size \u2014 such as the MAPT gene \u2014 are helpful and what parts of the brain they are influencing.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n\n <\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":60,"featured_media":1311,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"advgb_blocks_editor_width":"","advgb_blocks_columns_visual_guide":"","footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[79,20],"class_list":["post-1310","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-press-release","tag-neuroimaging-and-informatics","tag-research"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nDoes brain size really matter?<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link 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