{"id":3742,"date":"2020-11-18T14:43:46","date_gmt":"2020-11-18T22:43:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/keck.usc.edu\/news\/five-lessons-weve-learned-about-covid-19-since-the-pandemic-began\/"},"modified":"2023-11-19T12:42:54","modified_gmt":"2023-11-19T20:42:54","slug":"five-lessons-weve-learned-about-covid-19-since-the-pandemic-began","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/keck.usc.edu\/news\/five-lessons-weve-learned-about-covid-19-since-the-pandemic-began\/","title":{"rendered":"Five lessons we\u2019ve learned about COVID-19 since the pandemic began"},"content":{"rendered":"\n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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Five lessons we\u2019ve learned about COVID-19 since the pandemic began<\/h1>\n\n\n<\/div>\n \n \n
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Though COVID-19 is surging in the U.S., researchers have learned a lot about how the virus behaves \u2014 and how to thwart it. USC experts share the most important findings thus far.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/div>\n \n

\n Leigh Hopper<\/span>\n \n November 18, 2020<\/span>\n <\/div>\n \n \n
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Clinical lab scientists Michael Bask and Lan "Tiffany" Du analyze COVID-19 test samples at the Molecular Pathology Laboratory at Keck Medicine of USC. (USC Photo\/Ricardo Carrasco III)<\/figcaption>\n <\/figure>\n \n \n \n\n<\/div>\n \n\n <\/div><\/div>\n\r\n\r\n\n\n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
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(Originally posted at USC News<\/a>.)<\/p>\n

In less than a year since the pandemic began, two potential\u00a0vaccine candidates<\/a>\u00a0are on the horizon. Even as COVID-19 continues its deadly march, one thing is clear: Scientific understanding of the new coronavirus and advances in fighting it have progressed with stunning speed. Here are five key lessons we\u2019ve learned about COVID-19 since it began to spread in the United States:<\/p>\n

Lesson 1: Airborne virus in enclosed spaces is the major threat<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201cBack in March, people were calling me to ask me how long they needed to soak the can of beans in bleach before they could bring it into the house. Everybody was sort of hypervigilant and hyperparanoid,\u201d said\u00a0Paula Cannon<\/a>, a Distinguished Professor of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology at the Keck School of Medicine of USC. \u201cWe\u2019ve since learned that airborne virus in poorly ventilated indoor spaces \u2014 emitted by maskless people as they speak or sing or simply breathe \u2014 is the likely cause of most transmissions and the reason why indoor bars and restaurants are so risky.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe don\u2019t like the new message because it means you\u2019ve got to carry on limiting your social interaction, not seeing family and friends,\u201d she added. \u201cBut we\u2019ve got to get through these next two to three months of winter. This is crunch time.\u201d<\/p>\n

Lesson 2: Historically marginalized groups hit hardest by COVID-19<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201cWhen community spread of COVID-19 first began emerging in the United States, a primary concern \u2014 and rightly so \u2014 was spread among nursing homes. We observed the heavy impact of COVID-19 illness and death among the elderly,\u201d said\u00a0Erika Garcia<\/a>, an assistant professor of preventive medicine at the Keck School of Medicine. \u201cAs the pandemic progressed, additional inequities surfaced. Data indicated historically marginalized groups were being disproportionately affected by the virus.<\/p>\n

\u201cIn New York City \u2014 an early epicenter of COVID-19 in the U.S. \u2014 Hispanic and Black people comprised 34% and 28% of deaths but only 29% and 22% of the population, respectively, according to data from the New York State Department of Health. Data from a health care system in California showed non-Hispanic Black patients had 2.7 times the odds of hospitalization compared with non-Hispanic white patients, after adjusting for age, sex, comorbidities and income. In recent months, we have seen increasing incidence and mortality among younger adults here in California, particularly among Hispanic and Black people.<\/p>\n

\u201cResearchers at USC and elsewhere are working to elucidate how various factors \u2014 including clinical, behavioral, community and public health measures \u2014 contribute to COVID-19 mortality disparities,\u201d she added, \u201cso that possible interventions can be developed to decrease the disproportionate burden of the pandemic on vulnerable populations.\u201d<\/p>\n

Lesson 3: COVID is more complex and can last longer than originally thought<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201cWhen we run chest CT scans or X-rays on patients with COVID-19, we typically see scattered patchy areas of inflammation in the lungs, which we call atypical pneumonia. These patients usually suffer from a cough, difficulty breathing or chest pain, fatigue and fever,\u201d said\u00a0Ali Gholamrezanezhad<\/a>, an assistant professor of clinical radiology at the Keck School of Medicine.<\/p>\n

\u201cWhat we have found very surprising is that some patients with COVID-19 have no such symptoms,\u201d he added. \u201cInstead, they present with abdominal pain or even other symptoms, such as a stroke or an eye inflammation. Yet when we image their lungs, we find COVID-19. On the flip side, much less frequently, patients come in with a cough and fever and chest imaging reveals that the lungs are clear or have minimal signs of inflammation.<\/p>\n

\u201cThis may have to do with the fact that COVID-19 affects almost every organ in the body, not just the lungs, as was originally thought when the pandemic first began.\u201d<\/p>\n

Peter Kuhn<\/a>, Dean\u2019s Professor of Biological Sciences at the USC Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, notes that since COVID began, it\u2019s become clear that many people who recover from the illness face ongoing health impacts.<\/p>\n

\u201cNew research is showing that some people are unable to return to normal activities after COVID,\u201d he said. \u201cThese \u2018long-haulers\u2019 have shortness of breath, extreme fatigue and a racing heartbeat. They have lung scarring or ongoing neurological issues. You don\u2019t want to get this.<\/p>\n

\u201cThere are significant gaps in our conduct of research that would help us understand the full impact of this better. We currently have limited insights into long-term effects, as only a limited number of studies are being pursued to establish that. It is a catch-22 situation where the health care system can only start responding to this challenge after the health care system \u2014 jointly with research \u2014 has conducted the systematic research to understand the scale of the challenge.\u201d<\/p>\n

Lesson 4: We can\u2019t test our way out of taking COVID-19 precautions<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201cWe started the epidemic with scarce testing that took too long. Now, access to rapid testing is more widely available,\u201d said\u00a0Susan Butler-Wu<\/a>, an associate professor of clinical pathology at the Keck School of Medicine. \u201cHowever, there\u2019s a dangerous narrative out there in which people assume that getting a negative test means it\u2019s safe to go home for Thanksgiving. All that tells you is you don\u2019t have detectable virus right now.<\/p>\n

\u201cYou may be early in the course of infection and thus undetectable,\u201d she added. \u201cTesting negative doesn\u2019t get you out of having to take other precautions like wearing a mask or avoiding indoor gatherings with people outside your household.\u201d<\/p>\n

Lesson 5: Masks protect others \u2014 and the wearer<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201cThe public health messaging on masks was initially unclear and has been muddled by political arguments. However, we as learned more about this novel disease, it quickly became clear: Masks are an important part of keeping infections low and allowing businesses to remain open,\u201d said\u00a0Richard Dang<\/a>, an assistant professor of clinical pharmacy at the USC School of Pharmacy.<\/p>\n

\u201cA vaccine appears to be on the horizon and people may think masks are soon to be a thing of the past \u2014 but that\u2019s not the case,\u201d he added. \u201cEven once a vaccine becomes available, it is going to take a long time to distribute doses and vaccinate millions of people. Thankfully, pharmacists will play a key role in helping public health, hospitals and clinics quickly accomplish this task.\u201d California Gov. Gavin Newsom signed a bill that will allow pharmacists to administer the vaccine.<\/p>\n

\u201cUntil then,\u201d he said, \u201cmasks will continue to be an important part of the strategy for preventing infections.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<\/div>\n <\/div>\n\n\n <\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Scientific understanding of the coronavirus and advances in fighting it have progressed with stunning speed.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":130,"featured_media":3744,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"advgb_blocks_editor_width":"","advgb_blocks_columns_visual_guide":"","footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[169,78],"class_list":["post-3742","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-press-release","tag-latest","tag-uncategorized"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nFive lessons we\u2019ve learned about COVID-19 since the pandemic began<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/keck.usc.edu\/news\/five-lessons-weve-learned-about-covid-19-since-the-pandemic-began\/\" \/>\n<meta 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