Jonathan Russin, MD

Associate Professor of Neurological Surgery (Clinical Scholar)

Assistant Surgical Director, USC Neurorestoration Center

Director, Cerebrovascular Surgery, Keck Hospital of USC

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Overview

Completed an infolded fellowship in epilepsy surgery under the direction of Dr. Charles Liu during PGY-6 year of residency. Traveled to Japan and spent time with Dr. Takanori Fukushima studying skull base and cerebrovascular neurosurgery. After residency completed a fellowship under the direct instruction of Dr. Robert Spetzler with a focus on cerebrovascular/skull base disease including complex bypass procedures, aneurysm treatment, management of cranial and spinal arteriovenous malformations and cavernous malformations as well as resection of skull base pathology such as schwannomas, meningiomas and chondrosarcomas.

Publications

  • Bow Hunter’s Syndrome: Surgical Management (Video) and Review of the LiteratureWorld Neurosurg. 2017 Jul; 103:953. e7-953. e12. . View in PubMed
  • Assessing superficial temporal artery-middle cerebral artery anastomosis patency using FLOW 800 hemodynamics J Neurosurg. 2024 Aug 16; 1-10. . View in PubMed
  • Correlating Stroke Risk with Non-Invasive Tracing of Brain Blood Dynamic via a Portable Speckle Contrast Optical Spectroscopy Laser Device ArXiv. 2024 Jul 23. . View in PubMed
  • Compact and cost-effective laser-powered speckle contrast optical spectroscopy fiber-free device for measuring cerebral blood flow J Biomed Opt. 2024 Jun; 29(6):067001. . View in PubMed
  • Functional ultrasound imaging of human brain activity through an acoustically transparent cranial window Sci Transl Med. 2024 May 29; 16(749):eadj3143. . View in PubMed
  • Functional ultrasound imaging of the human spinal cordNeuron. 2024 May 15; 112(10):1710-1722. e3. . View in PubMed
  • Direct V3 Vertebral Artery Access for Embolization of Partially Thrombosed Fusiform Basilar Trunk Aneurysm: Technical Case Instruction Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown). 2024 Apr 30. . View in PubMed
  • Three-Vessel Anastomosis for Direct Multiterritory Cerebral Revascularization: Case Series Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown). 2024 Apr 01; 26(4):423-432. . View in PubMed
  • A compact and cost-effective laser-powered speckle visibility spectroscopy (SVS) device for measuring cerebral blood flow ArXiv. 2024 Feb 09. . View in PubMed
  • Open Surgical Treatment of Middle Cerebral Artery Aneurysms: A Single-Center Series in the Endovascular Era World Neurosurg. 2024 04; 184:e577-e585. . View in PubMed
  • Neurotropism of SARS-CoV-2: A Pathological Examination of Neurosurgical Specimens Neurosurgery. 2024 02 01; 94(2):379-388. . View in PubMed
  • A window to the brain: ultrasound imaging of human neural activity through a permanent acoustic window bioRxiv. 2023 Jun 15. . View in PubMed
  • Surgical Outcomes Following Vestibular Schwannoma Resection in Patients over the Age of Sixty-five J Neurol Surg B Skull Base. 2023 Apr; 84(2):129-135. . View in PubMed
  • Cilostazol for the management of moyamoya disease: a systematic review of the early evidence, efficacy, safety, and future directions Neurosurg Focus. 2023 10; 55(4):E9. . View in PubMed
  • External Carotid Artery-Saphenous Vein Graft-M2/M2 Triple-Vessel Anastomosis and Trapping of Complex Middle Cerebral Artery Aneurysm: 360° Virtual Reality-Enhanced Operative Video Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown). 2023 11 01; 25(5):e274-e275. . View in PubMed
  • Combined open revascularization and endovascular treatment of complex intracranial aneurysms: case series Front Neurol. 2023; 14:1102496. . View in PubMed
  • Commentary: Common Carotid Artery to Middle Cerebral Artery Bypass With Radial Interposition Graft for Internal Carotid Artery (ICA) Occlusion After Stent-Coil Embolization of Giant ICA Terminus Aneurysm: 2-Dimensional Operative Video Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown). 2023 04 01; 24(4):e291-e292. . View in PubMed
  • A Novel Bypass Technique to Prevent Vexing Spinal Cord Ischemia in Endovascular Thoracoabdominal Aortic Intervention Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown). 2023 02 01; 24(2):175-181. . View in PubMed
  • Vagus nerve stimulation paired with rehabilitation for stroke: Implantation experience from the VNS-REHAB trial J Clin Neurosci. 2022 Nov; 105:122-128. . View in PubMed
  • Rethinking Cerebral Bypass Surgery Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2022 Oct; 33(4):403-417. . View in PubMed
  • A Review of Medical and Surgical Options for the Treatment of Facial Pain Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2022 Jun; 55(3):607-632. . View in PubMed
  • Minocycline decreases blood-brain barrier permeability following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial J Neurosurg. 2022 May 01; 136(5):1251-1259. . View in PubMed
  • Massively parallel functional photoacoustic computed tomography of the human brain Nat Biomed Eng. 2022 05; 6(5):584-592. . View in PubMed
  • Altered adult neurogenesis and gliogenesis in patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy Nat Neurosci. 2022 04; 25(4):493-503. . View in PubMed
  • Cerebral Bypass Using the Descending Branch of the Lateral Circumflex Femoral Artery: A Case Series Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown). 2022 06 01; 22(6):364-372. . View in PubMed
  • Intracranial-Intracranial Bypass for Aneurysms: Quantitative Intraoperative Assessment of Flow Preservation Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown). 2022 05 01; 22(5):337-342. . View in PubMed
  • External Carotid Artery-to-Middle Cerebral Artery Bypass Using a Saphenous Vein Graft With 3-Vessel Anastomosis for the Treatment of a Large, Ruptured Middle Cerebral Artery Aneurysm: 2-Dimensional Operative Video Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown). 2021 Apr 15; 20(5):E359-E360. . View in PubMed
  • Neuroprotective effect of minocycline against acute brain injury in clinical practice: A systematic review J Clin Neurosci. 2021 Apr; 86:50-57. . View in PubMed
  • Cerebrovascular bypass for ruptured aneurysms: A case series J Clin Neurosci. 2021 Mar; 85:106-114. . View in PubMed
  • Semiautomatic cerebrovascular territory mapping based on dynamic ASL MR angiography without vessel-encoded labeling Magn Reson Med. 2021 05; 85(5):2735-2746. . View in PubMed
  • Comparative Assessment of Extracranial-to-Intracranial and Intracranial-to-Intracranial In Situ Bypass for Complex Intracranial Aneurysm Treatment Based on Rupture Status: A Case Series World Neurosurg. 2021 02; 146:e122-e138. . View in PubMed
  • Commentary: Middle Cerebral Artery Aneurysm Clipping With Immersive 360° Virtual Reality Model: 2-Dimensional Operative Video Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown). 2021 04 15; 20(5):E390. . View in PubMed
  • Commentary: Mini-Pterional Craniotomy and Extradural Clinoidectomy for Clinoid Meningioma: Optimization of Exposure Using Augmented Reality Template: 2-Dimensional Operative Video Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown). 2021 01 13; 20(2):E159-E160. . View in PubMed
  • Commentary: Immersive 3-Dimensional Virtual Reality Modeling for Case-Specific Presurgical Discussions in Cerebrovascular Neurosurgery Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown). 2021 02 16; 20(3):E208-E209. . View in PubMed
  • Intentional Subtotal Resection of Vestibular Schwannoma: A Reexamination J Neurol Surg B Skull Base. 2020 Apr; 81(2):136-141. . View in PubMed
  • Transblepharo-Preseptal Modified Orbitozygomatic Approach for Resection of Giant Frontal Cavernous Malformation: 3-Dimensional Operative Video World Neurosurg. 2020 Apr; 136:6. . View in PubMed
  • Discrepancy in Neurologic Outcomes Following Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage as a Function of Socioeconomic Class World Neurosurg. 2020 06; 138:e787-e794. . View in PubMed
  • Bypass and Deconstructive Technique for Hunt and Hess Grade 3-5 Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Deemed Unfavorable for Endovascular Treatment: Case Series of Outcomes and Comparison with Clipping World Neurosurg. 2020 06; 138:e251-e259. . View in PubMed
  • An Expedited Transition to the Back Wall Suturing for Side-to-Side In Situ Microvascular Anastomosis: A Technique Update Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown). 2020 11 16; 19(6):E583-E588. . View in PubMed
  • Commentary: Microsurgical Treatment of Unruptured Anterior Communicating Artery Aneurysms: Approaches and Outcomes in a Large Contemporary Series and Review of the Literature Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown). 2020 11 16; 19(6):E562-E563. . View in PubMed
  • Commentary: Whole-Field Indocyanine Green Intensity Analysis to Intraoperatively Predict Cerebral Hyperperfusion Syndrome Following Superficial Temporal Artery-Middle Cerebral Artery Bypass: A Retrospective Case-Control Study in 7-Year Experience With 112 Cases Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown). 2020 06 01; 18(6):E193-E194. . View in PubMed
  • Commentary: Reimplantation Bypass Using One Limb of a Double-Origin Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery for Treatment of a Ruptured Fusiform Aneurysm: Case Report Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown). 2020 09 01; 19(3):E320-E321. . View in PubMed
  • Three-Vessel Anastomosis for Direct Bihemispheric Cerebral Revascularization Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown). 2020 09 01; 19(3):313-318. . View in PubMed
  • In Reply: Three-Vessel Anastomosis for Direct Bihemispheric Cerebral Revascularization Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown). 2020 09 01; 19(3):E327. . View in PubMed
  • Letter: Three-Vessel Anastomosis for Direct Bihemispheric Cerebral Revascularization Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown). 2020 09 15; 19(4):E456-E457. . View in PubMed
  • Prospects of Photo- and Thermoacoustic Imaging in Neurosurgery Neurosurgery. 2020 07 01; 87(1):11-24. . View in PubMed
  • Rescue Cerebral Revascularization in Patients with Progressive Steno-Occlusive Ischemia of the Anterior Intracranial Circulation World Neurosurg. 2020 Jan; 133:e609-e618. . View in PubMed
  • Lessons Learned from the Initial Experience with Pedicled Temporoparietal Fascial Flap for Combined Revascularization In Moyamoya Angiopathy: A Case Series World Neurosurg. 2019 Dec; 132:e259-e273. . View in PubMed
  • Orphaned Middle Cerebral Artery Side-to-Side In Situ Bypass as a Favorable Alternative Approach for Complex Middle Cerebral Artery Aneurysm Treatment: A Case Series World Neurosurg. 2019 Oct; 130:e971-e987. . View in PubMed
  • Assessment of ischemic risk following intracranial-to-intracranial and extracranial-to-intracranial bypass for complex aneurysms using intraoperative Indocyanine Green-based flow analysis J Clin Neurosci. 2019 Sep; 67:191-197. . View in PubMed
  • Extracranial-to-Intracranial Bypass for Refractory Vertebrobasilar Insufficiency World Neurosurg. 2019 Jun; 126:552-559. . View in PubMed
  • Complex Revascularization for Idiopathic Intracranial Occlusive Disease with Unruptured, Fusiform Anterior Cerebral Artery and Middle Cerebral Artery Aneurysms: 3-Dimensional Operative Video World Neurosurg. 2019 Jun; 126:496. . View in PubMed
  • Postoperative Antiplatelet Therapy in the Treatment of Complex Basilar Apex Aneurysms Implementing Hunterian Ligation and Extracranial-to-Intracranial Bypass: Review of the Literature with an Illustrative Case Report World Neurosurg. 2019 Mar; 123:113-122. . View in PubMed
  • Revision Microvascular Decompression for Trigeminal Neuralgia and Hemifacial Spasm: Factors Associated with Surgical Failure J Neurol Surg B Skull Base. 2019 Feb; 80(1):31-39. . View in PubMed
  • Quantification of intracranial arterial blood flow using noncontrast enhanced 4D dynamic MR angiography Magn Reson Med. 2019 07; 82(1):449-459. . View in PubMed
  • State of the Union in Open Neurovascular Training World Neurosurg. 2019 02; 122:e553-e560. . View in PubMed
  • Role of botulinum neurotoxin-A in cerebral revascularization graft vasospasm prevention: current state of knowledge Neurosurg Focus. 2019 02 01; 46(2):E13. . View in PubMed
  • Increased Hospital Surgical Volume Reduces Rate of 30- and 90-Day Readmission After Acoustic Neuroma Surgery Neurosurgery. 2019 03 01; 84(3):726-732. . View in PubMed
  • IntroductionThe unrealized gain of cerebral revascularization. Neurosurg Focus. 2019 02 01; 46(2):E1. . View in PubMed
  • Botulinum toxin to improve vessel graft patency in cerebral revascularization surgery: report of 3 cases J Neurosurg. 2019 02 01; 130(2):566-572. . View in PubMed
  • Ruptured Mycotic Aneurysm of the Distal Circulation in a Patient with Mucormycosis Without Direct Skull Base Extension: Case Report Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown). 2019 03 01; 16(3):E101-E107. . View in PubMed
  • Radial Artery Fascial Flow-Through Free Flap for Complex Cerebral Revascularization: Technical Notes and Long-Term Neurologic and Radiographic Outcomes Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown). 2019 04 01; 16(4):424-434. . View in PubMed
  • Intraoperative Assessment of Cortical Perfusion After Intracranial-To-Intracranial and Extracranial-To-Intracranial Bypass for Complex Cerebral Aneurysms Using Flow 800 Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown). 2019 05 01; 16(5):583-592. . View in PubMed
  • A3-A3 Anastomosis in the Management of Complex Anterior Cerebral Artery Aneurysms: Experience With in Situ Bypass and Lessons Learned From Pseudoaneurysm Cases Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown). 2019 09 01; 17(3):247-260. . View in PubMed
  • Multiple Intracranial Aneurysms from Coccidioidal Meningitis: Case Report Featuring Aneurysm Formation and Spontaneous Thrombosis with Literature Review World Neurosurg. 2019 Jan; 121:117-123. . View in PubMed
  • Pedicled temporoparietal fascial flap for combined revascularization in adult moyamoya disease J Neurosurg. 2018 Nov 09; 131(5):1501-1507. . View in PubMed
  • Complete Cavernous Sinus Resection: An Analysis of Complications World Neurosurg. 2018 Nov; 119:89-96. . View in PubMed
  • Occipital Artery to Posterior Cerebral Artery Bypass Using Descending Branch of the Lateral Circumflex Femoral Artery Graft for Treatment of Fusiform, Unruptured Posterior Cerebral Artery Aneurysm: 3-Dimensional Operative Video Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown). 2018 Nov 01; 15(5):E50-E51. . View in PubMed
  • Fusiform vertebral artery aneurysms involving the posterior inferior cerebellar artery origin associated with the sole angiographic anterior spinal artery origin: technical case report and treatment paradigm proposal J Neurosurg. 2018 Oct 12; 131(4):1324-1330. . View in PubMed
  • Transblepharo-Preseptal Modified Orbitozygomatic Approach for the Treatment of Ruptured Proximal Anterior Circulation Aneurysms World Neurosurg. 2018 Oct; 118:e335-e345. . View in PubMed
  • EC-IC bypass for cerebral revascularization following skull base tumor resection: Current practices and innovations J Surg Oncol. 2018 Oct; 118(5):815-825. . View in PubMed
  • Extracranial-Intracranial Bypass for Treatment of Blister Aneurysms: Efficacy and Analysis of Complications Compared with Alternative Treatment Strategies World Neurosurg. 2018 Sep; 117:e417-e424. . View in PubMed
  • Assessment of Hemodynamic Changes and Hyperperfusion Risk After Extracranial-to-Intracranial Bypass Surgery Using Intraoperative Indocyanine Green-Based Flow Analysis World Neurosurg. 2018 Jun; 114:352-360. . View in PubMed
  • Combined Direct and Indirect Cerebral Revascularization Using Local and Flow-Through Flaps J Reconstr Microsurg. 2018 Feb; 34(2):103-107. . View in PubMed
  • Transblepharo-Preseptal Modified Orbitozygomatic Craniotomy for Treatment of Ruptured Aneurysm: 3-Dimensional Operative Video World Neurosurg. 2018 11; 119:232. . View in PubMed
  • In Reply to “Overestimated Role of Extracranial-to-Intracranial Bypass in Management of Blood-Blister Aneurysm” World Neurosurg. 2018 10; 118:393-394. . View in PubMed
  • Permeability imaging as a predictor of delayed cerebral ischemia after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2018 06; 38(6):973-979. . View in PubMed
  • Descending Branch of the Lateral Circumflex Femoral Artery Graft for Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery Revascularization Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown). 2018 09 01; 15(3):285-291. . View in PubMed
  • Running-to-Interrupted Microsuture Technique for Vascular Bypass Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown). 2018 10 01; 15(4):412-417. . View in PubMed
  • Efficacy and Outcomes of Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery (PICA) Bypass for Proximal PICA and Vertebral Artery-PICA Aneurysms: A Case Series Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown). 2018 10 01; 15(4):395-403. . View in PubMed
  • Radial Artery Fascial Flow-Through Free Flap for Combined Revascularization in Moyamoya Disease Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown). 2018 02 01; 14(2):139-144. . View in PubMed
  • Development of a Perfusion-Based Cadaveric Simulation Model Integrated into Neurosurgical Training: Feasibility Based On Reconstitution of Vascular and Cerebrospinal Fluid Systems Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown). 2018 01 01; 14(1):72-80. . View in PubMed
  • Intraoperative Imaging for Vascular Lesions Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2017 Oct; 28(4):603-613. . View in PubMed
  • Selective embolization of ruptured feeding artery aneurysm followed by resection of arteriovenous malformation Neurosurg Focus. 2017 Jul; 43(VideoSuppl1):V4. . View in PubMed
  • The arborization bypass: Sequential intracranial-intracranial bypasses for an unruptured fusiform MCA aneurysm J Clin Neurosci. 2017 May; 39:209-211. . View in PubMed
  • Dysregulation of PINCH signaling in mesial temporal epilepsy J Clin Neurosci. 2017 Feb; 36:43-52. . View in PubMed
  • Extracranial to intracranial bypass for the treatment of cerebral aneurysms in the pediatric population J Clin Neurosci. 2016 Dec; 34:6-10. . View in PubMed
  • Surgical management of skull base tumors Rep Pract Oncol Radiother. 2016 Jul-Aug; 21(4):325-35. . View in PubMed
  • Evaluation of time to aneurysm treatment following subarachnoid hemorrhage: comparison of patients treated with clipping versus coiling J Neurointerv Surg. 2016 Apr; 8(4):373-7. . View in PubMed
  • Stroke Damage Is Exacerbated by Nano-Size Particulate Matter in a Mouse Model PLoS One. 2016; 11(4):e0153376. . View in PubMed
  • Update on transient cardiac standstill in cerebrovascular surgery Neurosurg Rev. 2015 Oct; 38(4):595-602. . View in PubMed
  • The importance of preoperative diagnosis of blister aneurysms J Clin Neurosci. 2015 Sep; 22(9):1408-12. . View in PubMed
  • Posterior circulation cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome after high flow external carotid artery to middle cerebral artery bypass J Clin Neurosci. 2015 Sep; 22(9):1515-8. . View in PubMed
  • The Barrow Ruptured Aneurysm Trial: 6-year results J Neurosurg. 2015 Sep; 123(3):609-17. . View in PubMed
  • Petroclival Tumors: A Paternalistic Challenge World Neurosurg. 2015 Aug; 84(2):231-2. . View in PubMed
  • Computational Fluid Dynamics to Evaluate the Management of a Giant Internal Carotid Artery Aneurysm World Neurosurg. 2015 Jun; 83(6):1057-65. . View in PubMed
  • Surgical management, outcomes, and recurrence rate of orbital lymphangiomas J Clin Neurosci. 2015 May; 22(5):877-82. . View in PubMed
  • Vertebral artery transposition for revascularization of the posterior circulation: a critical assessment of temporary and permanent complications and outcomes J Neurosurg. 2015 Mar; 122(3):671-7. . View in PubMed
  • Editorial: What did we learn from the ARUBA trial? Neurosurg Focus. 2014 Sep; 37(3):E9.. View in PubMed
  • Contemporary management of spinal AVFs and AVMs: lessons learned from 110 cases Neurosurg Focus. 2014 Sep; 37(3):E14. . View in PubMed
  • Molecular and cellular biology of cerebral arteriovenous malformations: a review of current concepts and future trends in treatment Neurosurg Focus. 2014 Sep; 37(3):E1. . View in PubMed
  • Introduction: Strategies for management and outcomes of arteriovenous malformations Neurosurg Focus. 2014 Sep; 37(3):Introduction. . View in PubMed
  • Commentary: The ARUBA trial Neurosurgery. 2014 Jul; 75(1):E96-7. . View in PubMed
  • A persistent primitive hypoglossal artery arising from the external carotid artery associated with subarachnoid hemorrhageWorld Neurosurg. 2014 Jul-Aug; 82(1-2):239. e1-3. . View in PubMed
  • Racial and socioeconomic disparities in access to mechanical revascularization procedures for acute ischemic stroke J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2014 Feb; 23(2):327-34. . View in PubMed
  • Left retrosigmoid craniotomy for cavernous malformation of the middle cerebellar peduncle Neurosurg Focus. 2014 Jan; 36(1 Suppl):1. . View in PubMed
  • Genomic and transcriptome analysis revealing an oncogenic functional module in meningiomas Neurosurg Focus. 2013 Dec; 35(6):E3. . View in PubMed
  • Mechanical thrombectomy in acute stroke: utilization variances and impact of procedural volume on inpatient mortality J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2013 Nov; 22(8):1263-9. . View in PubMed
  • Computed tomography for clearance of cervical spine injury in the unevaluable patient World Neurosurg. 2013 Sep-Oct; 80(3-4):405-13. . View in PubMed
  • DNA methylation in the malignant transformation of meningiomas PLoS One. 2013; 8(1):e54114. . View in PubMed
  • White matter injury due to experimental chronic cerebral hypoperfusion is associated with C5 deposition PLoS One. 2013; 8(12):e84802. . View in PubMed
  • Advanced imaging modalities in the detection of cerebral vasospasm Neurol Res Int. 2013; 2013:415960. . View in PubMed
  • Matrix Metalloproteinases in Cerebral Vasospasm following Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Neurol Res Int. 2013; 2013:943761. . View in PubMed
  • Simulation of a high-flow extracranial-intracranial bypass using a radial artery graft in a novel fresh tissue model Neurosurgery. 2012 Dec; 71(2 Suppl Operative):ons315-19; discussion ons 319-20. . View in PubMed
  • The value of translational models for microvascular anastamosis World Neurosurg. 2012 Feb; 77(2):289-90. . View in PubMed
  • The putative role of pericytes in tumor angiogenesis World Neurosurg. 2011 Dec; 76(6):535-6. . View in PubMed
  • Three dimensional CT angiography versus digital subtraction angiography in the detection of intracranial aneurysms in subarachnoid hemorrhage J Neurointerv Surg. 2010 Dec; 2(4):385-9. . View in PubMed
  • Cerebral vasospasm and concurrent left ventricular outflow tract obstruction: requirement for modification of hyperdynamic therapy regimen Neurocrit Care. 2010 Apr; 12(2):265-8. . View in PubMed
  • Postoperative Gamma Knife surgery for benign meningiomas of the cranial base Neurosurg Focus. 2007; 23(4):E6. . View in PubMed