Todd Chang, MD

Research Career Interest: Educational Technology within the healthcare arena, which includes e-learning / multimedia, simulation, virtual reality, and other technologically augmented methods of teaching. Some clinical research including Emergency Department efficiency, pre-hospital care, and trauma care.I currently sit on the executive board / steering committee of the INSPIRE Network (http://www.inspireSim.com/), an international pediatric simulation research network, as well as the PEMCRC (http://www.pemnetwork.org/pemcrc), the Pediatric Emergency Medicine Clinical Research Committee of the American Academy of Pediatrics.

• FaceBook / Oculus: VR for Good, 2016-2017
• American Heart Association: Western States Grant-in-Aid, 2015-2017
• National Board of Medical Examiners: Stemmler Fund, 2015-2017
• RBaby Foundation: RBaby Foundation Grant, 2013-2014
• University of Southern California: SC CTSI Research Pilot Grant, 2013-2014
• University of Southern California: USC Zumberge Individual Research Award, 2012-2013

• Immersive virtual reality training: Addressing challenges and unlocking potentials. Med Educ. 2025 Nov; 59(11):1222-1234.. View in PubMed
• Racial and Ethnic Differences in ED Analgesia Among Injured Children Transported Via EMS. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2025 Aug 01; 41(8):606-611.. View in PubMed
• Research Dissemination Strategies in Pediatric Emergency Care Using a Professional Twitter (X) Account: A Mixed Methods Developmental Study of a Logic Model Framework. JMIR Form Res. 2025 Jun 24; 9:e59481.. View in PubMed
• Research priorities for pediatric pain management in emergency medicine. Acad Emerg Med. 2025 06; 32(6):688-698.. View in PubMed
• Comparison of Outcomes for Emergency Medical Services-Transported Infants With Suspected Brief Resolved Unexplained Events Before and After the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2025 May 01; 41(5):329-335.. View in PubMed
• Extended reality technologies in adult basic life support education: A scoping review. Resusc Plus. 2025 May; 23:100927.. View in PubMed
• Virtual Reality as Active Distraction in Laceration Repair: A Game Changer? Pediatr Emerg Care. 2025 Mar 01; 41(3):208-212.. View in PubMed
• Analyzing patient perspectives with large language models: a cross-sectional study of sentiment and thematic classification on exception from informed consent. Sci Rep. 2025 Feb 20; 15(1):6179.. View in PubMed
• Self-guided versus facilitator-guided debriefing in immersive virtual reality simulation: Protocol for a randomized controlled non-inferiority trial assessing teamwork skills in medical students. PLoS One. 2025; 20(9):e0332309.. View in PubMed
• Aerosol Box Use in Reducing Health Care Worker Contamination During Airway Procedures (AIRWAY) Study: Secondary Workload and Provider Outcomes in a Simulation-Based Trial. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2024 Oct 01; 25(10):918-927.. View in PubMed
• Suctioning in the management of bronchiolitis: A prospective observational study. Am J Emerg Med. 2024 08; 82:57-62.. View in PubMed
• Rethinking realities: A call for accurate terminology in eXtended Reality studies. Resusc Plus. 2024 Mar; 17:100558.. View in PubMed
• A checklist intervention for pediatric emergency department transfer of care sign-outs. Am J Emerg Med. 2024 03; 77:215-219.. View in PubMed
• Validation of a 3-Dimensional-Printed Infant Tibia for Intraosseous Needle Insertion Training. Simul Healthc. 2024 Feb 01; 19(1):56-63.. View in PubMed
• Feasibility of text message follow-up for pediatric asthma care after an emergency department visit. J Asthma. 2024 02; 61(2):140-147.. View in PubMed
• SIMPEDVR: using VR in teaching pediatric emergencies to undergraduate students-a pilot study. Eur J Pediatr. 2024 Jan; 183(1):499-502.. View in PubMed
• Parent-Centered Perspectives on a Validated Asthma Questionnaire in the Emergency Department. Acad Pediatr. 2024 Jan-Feb; 24(1):132-138.. View in PubMed
• Society for Simulation in Healthcare Guidelines for Simulation Training. Simul Healthc. 2024 Jan 01; 19(1S):S4-S22.. View in PubMed
• Parent Perceptions of a Validated Asthma Questionnaire in the Emergency Department. Acad Pediatr. 2024 Jan-Feb; 24(1):124-131.. View in PubMed
• Advances in Pediatric Surgery Simulation-Based Training. Children (Basel). 2023 Dec 28; 11(1).. View in PubMed
• Virtual Reality, Augmented Reality, Augmented Virtuality, or Mixed Reality in cardiopulmonary resuscitation: Which Extended Reality am I using for teaching adult basic life support? Resuscitation. 2023 11; 192:109973.. View in PubMed
• Usability study of using interactive 360° video-based virtual reality for teaching adult basic life support. Resuscitation. 2023 10; 191:109960.. View in PubMed
• Optimizing Surgical Performance Using Preoperative Virtual Reality Planning: A Systematic Review. World J Surg. 2023 10; 47(10):2367-2377.. View in PubMed
• The Effect of a Plastic Barrier Drape on Resuscitation Performance and Provider Contamination: A Randomized Controlled Simulation-Based Pilot Trial. Simul Healthc. 2023 Aug 01; 18(4):240-246.. View in PubMed
• Quantifying Simulated Contamination Deposition on Healthcare Providers Using Image Analysis. Simul Healthc. 2023 Jun 01; 18(3):207-213.. View in PubMed
• Qualitative Study on Safe and Effective Handover Information during a Rapid Response Team Encounter. Pediatr Qual Saf. 2023 May-Jun; 8(3):e650.. View in PubMed
• Electrolyte abnormalities and stress dosing predict illness-related hospitalizations among infants and toddlers with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2023 04; 98(4):536-542.. View in PubMed
• Examining trust between supervisors and trainees in the pediatric emergency department. AEM Educ Train. 2023 Apr; 7(2):e10857.. View in PubMed
• Setting an Agenda: Results of a Consensus Process on Research Directions in Distance Simulation. Simul Healthc. 2023 Apr 01; 18(2):100-107.. View in PubMed
• Mental Health Revisits at US Pediatric Emergency Departments. JAMA Pediatr. 2023 02 01; 177(2):168-176.. View in PubMed
• Impact of Race and Ethnicity on Emergency Medical Services Administration of Opioid Pain Medications for Injured Children. J Emerg Med. 2023 01; 64(1):55-61.. View in PubMed
• Enhancing cardiopulmonary resuscitation education through game-based augmented reality face filters. Resuscitation. 2022 Nov; 180:108-110.. View in PubMed
• Children with under-diagnosed asthma presenting to a pediatric emergency department. J Asthma. 2022 07; 59(7):1353-1359.. View in PubMed
• Inter-Rater Reliability and Agreement Among Mass-Casualty Incident Algorithms Using a Pediatric Trauma Dataset: A Pilot Study. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2022 Jun; 37(3):306-313.. View in PubMed
• Healthcare Provider Characteristics and Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Quality During Infant Resuscitation: A Simulation Study. Simul Healthc. 2022 04 01; 17(2):88-95.. View in PubMed
• The P2Network-Advancing Pediatric Emergency Care With Point-of-Care Ultrasound. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2022 Feb 01; 38(2):e1014-e1018.. View in PubMed
• Use of a validated asthma questionnaire to increase inhaled corticosteroid prescribing in the pediatric emergency department. J Asthma. 2022 Feb; 59(2):378-385.. View in PubMed
• Characterizing preferred terms for geographically distant simulations: distance, remote and telesimulation. Int J Healthc Simul. 2022; 1(3):55-65.. View in PubMed
• Teaching Infant Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation to Caregivers in the Emergency Department. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2021 Dec 01; 37(12):e1204-e1208.. View in PubMed
• Development and Considerations for Virtual Reality Simulations for Resuscitation Training and Stress Inoculation. Simul Healthc. 2021 Dec 01; 16(6):e219-e226.. View in PubMed
• Comparison of Outcome Tools Used to Test Mass-Casualty Algorithms in the Pediatric Population. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2021 Dec; 36(6):719-723.. View in PubMed
• Impact of Environmental Noise Levels on Endotracheal Intubation Performance Among Pediatric Emergency Providers: A Simulation Study. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2021 Dec 01; 37(12):e944-e949.. View in PubMed
• Augmented Reality in Pediatric Septic Shock Simulation: Randomized Controlled Feasibility Trial. JMIR Med Educ. 2021 Oct 06; 7(4):e29899.. View in PubMed
• The Pediatric Emergency Research Network (PERN): A decade of global research cooperation in paediatric emergency care. Emerg Med Australas. 2021 10; 33(5):900-910.. View in PubMed
• The Pediatric Emergency Research Network: a decade old and growing. Eur J Emerg Med. 2021 10 01; 28(5):341-343.. View in PubMed
• Inhaled corticosteroid beliefs, complementary and alternative medicine in children presenting to the emergency department for asthma. J Asthma. 2021 10; 58(10):1359-1366.. View in PubMed
• The effects of rudeness, experience, and perspective-taking on challenging premature closure after pediatric ICU physicians receive hand-off with the wrong diagnosis: a randomized controlled simulation trial. Diagnosis (Berl). 2021 08 26; 8(3):358-367.. View in PubMed
• Healthcare Provider Stress and Virtual Reality Simulation: A Scoping Review. Simul Healthc. 2021 Aug 01; 16(4):268-274.. View in PubMed
• The Pediatric Emergency Research Network: A Decade of Global Research Cooperation in Pediatric Emergency Care. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2021 07 01; 37(7):389-396.. View in PubMed
• Research environment and resources to support pediatric emergency medicine fellow research. AEM Educ Train. 2021 Jul; 5(3):e10585.. View in PubMed
• Pediatric emergency department shift experiences and moods: An exploratory sequential mixed-methods study. AEM Educ Train. 2021 Jul; 5(3):e10572.. View in PubMed
• Use of Virtual Reality for Pediatric Cardiac Critical Care Simulation. Cureus. 2021 Jun; 13(6):e15856.. View in PubMed
• Parental preferences for survey mode of administration, interview versus self-administered, with an asthma management questionnaire. J Asthma. 2021 05; 58(5):665-673.. View in PubMed
• The assessment of a manikin-based low-dose, high-frequency cardiac resuscitation quality improvement program in early UK adopter hospitals. Adv Simul (Lond). 2021 Apr 21; 6(1):14.. View in PubMed
• The use of virtual reality and augmented reality to enhance cardio-pulmonary resuscitation: a scoping review. Adv Simul (Lond). 2021 Apr 12; 6(1):11.. View in PubMed
• Validation of a Modified Jefferson Scale of Empathy for Observers to Assess Trainees. Acad Pediatr. 2021 Jan-Feb; 21(1):165-169.. View in PubMed
• Closing the gap: a call for a common blueprint for remote distance telesimulation. BMJ Simul Technol Enhanc Learn. 2021; 7(4):185-187.. View in PubMed
• Understanding Graduating Pediatric Emergency Medicine Fellow Priorities for Career Pathways and Faculty Recruitment for Academic or Community Emergency Departments. AEM Educ Train. 2021 Jan; 5(1):12-18.. View in PubMed
• The Effect of Rapid Fluid Infusions on Transabdominal Pelvic Ultrasound Timing Among Female Pediatric Patients: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial. Acad Emerg Med. 2020 11; 27(11):1191-1193.. View in PubMed
• The Addition of Anaerobic Blood Cultures for Pediatric Patients with Concerns for Bloodstream Infections: Prevalence and Time to Positive Cultures. J Clin Microbiol. 2020 08 24; 58(9).. View in PubMed
• Attitudes and Opinions of Adolescent Females Regarding 2 Methods of Bladder Filling for Transabdominal Ultrasound: A Q-Sort Study. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2020 Aug; 36(8):e460-e466.. View in PubMed
• Saving Lives and Improving the Quality of Pediatric Resuscitation Across the World: A 1-Day Research Accelerator Hosted by the International Network for Simulation-based Pediatric Innovation, Research, and Education and the International Pediatric Simulation Society. Simul Healthc. 2020 Aug; 15(4):295-297.. View in PubMed
• Can Text Messaging Teach Residents? A Randomized Controlled Trial. ATS Sch. 2020 Jul 24; 1(3):278-287.. View in PubMed
• Physiological Stress Markers Following Resuscitations Remain Elevated Throughout Physician Shift Hours. Acad Emerg Med. 2020 06; 27(6):510-513.. View in PubMed
• Caregiver Characteristics Associated With Quality of Cardiac Compressions on an Adult Mannequin With Real-Time Visual Feedback: A Simulation-Based Multicenter Study. Simul Healthc. 2020 Apr; 15(2):82-88.. View in PubMed
• Tabletop Application of SALT Triage to 10, 100, and 1000 Pediatric Victims. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2020 Apr; 35(2):165-169.. View in PubMed
• Factors influencing termination of resuscitation in children: a qualitative analysis. Int J Emerg Med. 2020 Mar 14; 13(1):12.. View in PubMed
• Barriers to Effective Teamwork Relating to Pediatric Resuscitations: Perceptions of Pediatric Emergency Medicine Staff. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2020 Mar; 36(3):e146-e150.. View in PubMed
• A National Patient Safety Curriculum in Pediatric Emergency Medicine. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2019 Aug; 35(8):519-521.. View in PubMed
• Games Squared: A Card Game to Learn About Using Games in Medical Education. J Grad Med Educ. 2019 06; 11(3):337-339.. View in PubMed
• The effect of an International competitive leaderboard on self-motivated simulation-based CPR practice among healthcare professionals: A randomized control trial. Resuscitation. 2019 05; 138:273-281.. View in PubMed
• Comparisons of Stress Physiology of Providers in Real-Life Resuscitations and Virtual Reality-Simulated Resuscitations. Simul Healthc. 2019 Apr; 14(2):104-112.. View in PubMed
• Impact of simulation-based training on perceived provider confidence in acute multidisciplinary pediatric trauma resuscitation. Pediatr Surg Int. 2018 Dec; 34(12):1353-1362.. View in PubMed
• Recent Advances in Technology and Its Applications to Pediatric Emergency Care. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2018 12; 65(6):1229-1246.. View in PubMed
• Self-assessment of team performance using T-NOTECHS in simulated pediatric trauma resuscitation is not consistent with expert assessment. Am J Surg. 2018 09; 216(3):630-635.. View in PubMed
• Radiologic discrepancies in children with special healthcare needs in a pediatric emergency department. Am J Emerg Med. 2018 08; 36(8):1356-1362.. View in PubMed
• Utilization of just-in-time training for nursing education using the LA Phonospirometry asthma tool. J Asthma. 2018 07; 55(7):811-815.. View in PubMed
• Gamification in Action: Theoretical and Practical Considerations for Medical Educators. Acad Med. 2018 07; 93(7):1014-1020.. View in PubMed
• Building a Community of Practice for Researchers: The International Network for Simulation-Based Pediatric Innovation, Research and Education. Simul Healthc. 2018 Jun; 13(3S Suppl 1):S28-S34.. View in PubMed
• Validity Evidence for a Serious Game to Assess Performance on Critical Pediatric Emergency Medicine Scenarios. Simul Healthc. 2018 Jun; 13(3):168-180.. View in PubMed
• Are Graduating Pediatric Residents Prepared to Perform Infant Lumbar Punctures?: A Multi-Institutional Descriptive Study. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2018 Feb; 34(2):116-120.. View in PubMed
• Leveraging Quick Response Code Technology to Facilitate Simulation-Based Leaderboard Competition. Simul Healthc. 2018 Feb; 13(1):64-71.. View in PubMed
• Script Concordance Testing to Determine Infant Lumbar Puncture Practice Variation. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2018 Feb; 34(2):84-92.. View in PubMed
• Novel Transfer of Care Sign-out Assessment Tool in a Pediatric Emergency Department. Acad Pediatr. 2018 Jan – Feb; 18(1):86-93.. View in PubMed
• The effect of multimedia replacing text in resident clinical decision-making assessment. Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract. 2017 Oct; 22(4):901-914.. View in PubMed
• The Effects of Child Life Specialists on Success Rates of Intravenous Cannulation. J Pediatr Nurs. 2017 Sep – Oct; 36:236-240.. View in PubMed
• Use of a Novel, Portable, LED-Based Capillary Refill Time Simulator within a Disaster Triage Context. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2017 Aug; 32(4):451-456.. View in PubMed
• Qualitative assessment of simulation-based training for pediatric trauma resuscitation. Surgery. 2017 05; 161(5):1357-1366.. View in PubMed
• Screening residents for infant lumbar puncture readiness with just-in-time simulation-based assessments. BMJ Simul Technol Enhanc Learn. 2017; 3(1):17-22.. View in PubMed
• Conducting multicenter research in healthcare simulation: Lessons learned from the INSPIRE network. Adv Simul (Lond). 2017; 2:6.. View in PubMed
• Number needed to eat: pizza and resident conference attendance. Med Educ. 2016 Dec; 50(12):1204-1207.. View in PubMed
• Highlighting Instructional Design Features in Reporting Guidelines for Health Care Simulation Research. Simul Healthc. 2016 Oct; 11(5):363-364.. View in PubMed
• Qualitative Study Exploring Implementation of a Point-of-Care Competency-Based Lumbar Puncture Program Across Institutions. Acad Pediatr. 2016 Sep-Oct; 16(7):621-9.. View in PubMed
• Reporting Guidelines for Health Care Simulation Research: Extensions to the CONSORT and STROBE Statements. Simul Healthc. 2016 Aug; 11(4):238-48.. View in PubMed
• PEMNetwork: Barriers and Enablers to Collaboration and Multimedia Education in the Digital Age. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2016 Aug; 32(8):565-9.. View in PubMed
• Essentials of PEM Fellowship Part 2: The Profession in Entrustable Professional Activities. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2016 Jun; 32(6):410-8.. View in PubMed
• Development of a Pediatric Mass Casualty Triage Algorithm Validation Tool. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2016 May-Jun; 20(3):343-53.. View in PubMed
• The Correlation of Workplace Simulation-Based Assessments With Interns’ Infant Lumbar Puncture Success: A Prospective, Multicenter, Observational Study. Simul Healthc. 2016 Apr; 11(2):126-33.. View in PubMed
• Targeting Simulation-Based Assessment for the Pediatric Milestones: A Survey of Simulation Experts and Program Directors. Acad Pediatr. 2016 Apr; 16(3):290-7.. View in PubMed
• Reporting guidelines for health care simulation research: Extensions to the CONSORT and STROBE statements. BMJ Simul Technol Enhanc Learn. 2016; 2(3):51-60.. View in PubMed
• Reporting guidelines for health care simulation research: extensions to the CONSORT and STROBE statements. Adv Simul (Lond). 2016; 1:25.. View in PubMed
• Accuracy, Efficiency, and Inappropriate Actions Using JumpSTART Triage in MCI Simulations. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2015 Oct; 30(5):457-60.. View in PubMed
• Comparison of Computerized Patients versus Live Moulaged Actors for a Mass-casualty Drill. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2015 Oct; 30(5):438-42.. View in PubMed
• Introducing Teamwork Challenges in Simulation Using Game Cards. Simul Healthc. 2015 Aug; 10(4):223-6.. View in PubMed
• Impact of Just-in-Time and Just-in-Place Simulation on Intern Success With Infant Lumbar Puncture. Pediatrics. 2015 May; 135(5):e1237-46.. View in PubMed
• A retrospective comparison of ketamine dosing regimens for pediatric procedural sedation. Eur J Emerg Med. 2015 Apr; 22(2):111-6.. View in PubMed
• The greater good: how supervising physicians make entrustment decisions in the pediatric emergency department. Acad Pediatr. 2014 Nov-Dec; 14(6):597-602.. View in PubMed
• Pediatric emergency medicine asynchronous e-learning: a multicenter randomized controlled Solomon four-group study. Acad Emerg Med. 2014 Aug; 21(8):912-9.. View in PubMed
• Designing and conducting simulation-based research. Pediatrics. 2014 Jun; 133(6):1091-101.. View in PubMed
• Traditional nurse triage vs physician telepresence in a pediatric ED. Am J Emerg Med. 2014 Apr; 32(4):325-9.. View in PubMed
• Script concordance testing: assessing residents’ clinical decision-making skills for infant lumbar punctures. Acad Med. 2014 Jan; 89(1):128-35.. View in PubMed
• Predictors for bacteremia in febrile sickle cell disease children in the post-7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine era. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2013 Jul; 35(5):377-82.. View in PubMed
• Clinical factors and incidence of acute chest syndrome or pneumonia among children with sickle cell disease presenting with a fever: a 17-year review. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2013 Jul; 29(7):781-6.. View in PubMed
• Are pediatric interns prepared to perform infant lumbar punctures? A multi-institutional descriptive study. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2013 Apr; 29(4):453-7.. View in PubMed
• Interns’ success with clinical procedures in infants after simulation training. Pediatrics. 2013 Mar; 131(3):e811-20.. View in PubMed
• Qualitative evaluation of just-in-time simulation-based learning: the learners’ perspective. Simul Healthc. 2013 Feb; 8(1):43-8.. View in PubMed
• Validation and refinement of a prediction rule to identify children at low risk for acute appendicitis. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2012 Aug; 166(8):738-44.. View in PubMed
• Iron poisoning: a literature-based review of epidemiology, diagnosis, and management. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2011 Oct; 27(10):978-85.. View in PubMed
• Perforated appendicitis and appendicolith in a child presenting as intussusception: a case report. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2011 Jul; 27(7):635-8.. View in PubMed
• Pediatric traumatic brain injury: the utility of beta-natriuretic peptide. J Trauma. 2010 Jun; 68(6):1401-5.. View in PubMed

• Demetriades, Demetrios
• Hung, Andrew
• Inaba, Kenji
• Burke, Rita
• Martin, Matthew
• Nager, Alan
• Zada, Gabriel
• Goldenberg, Mitchell
• Cohen-Gadol, Aaron