Brian Applegate, PhD

Professor of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Ophthalmology and Biomedical Engineering

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Overview

Our research interests are broadly to develop novel biophotonic technologies for point-of-care diagnosis and monitoring of human disease as well as the basic scientific understanding of human disease.

Publications

  • Visualizing motions within the cochlea’s organ of Corti and illuminating cochlear mechanics with optical coherence tomography Hear Res. 2025 Jan; 455:109154. . View in PubMed
  • Cochlear Mechanics Are Preserved After Inner Ear Delivery of Gold Nanoparticles Int J Mol Sci. 2024 Dec 26; 26(1). . View in PubMed
  • Generation of a zebrafish neurofibromatosis model via inducible knockout of nf2a/b Dis Model Mech. 2024 Dec 01; 17(12). . View in PubMed
  • Endolymphatic hydrops and cochlear synaptopathy after noise exposure are distinct sequelae of hair cell stereociliary bundle trauma Sci Rep. 2024 10 27; 14(1):25660. . View in PubMed
  • Optical coherence tomography otoscope for imaging of tympanic membrane and middle ear pathology J Biomed Opt. 2024 Aug; 29(8):086005. . View in PubMed
  • Generation of a zebrafish neurofibromatosis model via inducible knockout of nf2 bioRxiv. 2024 Apr 27. . View in PubMed
  • COVID-19 in the Clinic: Trial of an Aerosol Containment Mask for Endoscopic Clinic Procedures Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2024 Jan; 170(1):265-271. . View in PubMed
  • Multi-window approach enables two-fold improvement in OCT axial resolution with strong side-lobe suppression and improved phase sensitivity Biomed Opt Express. 2023 Dec 01; 14(12):6301-6316. . View in PubMed
  • Electronic frequency shifting enables long, variable working distance optical coherence tomography Biomed Opt Express. 2023 Dec 01; 14(12):6579-6591. . View in PubMed
  • Optical Coherence Tomography as a Tool for Imaging the Sinonasal Mucosa in Patients: A Systematic Review Ear Nose Throat J. 2023 Nov 30; 1455613231214622. . View in PubMed
  • High-spatial density snapshot imaging spectrometer enabled by 2-photon fabricated custom fiber bundles Opt Lett. 2023 Nov 01; 48(21):5587-5590. . View in PubMed
  • Automated Segmentation of Optical Coherence Tomography Images of the Human Tympanic Membrane Using Deep Learning Algorithms. 2023 Sep; 16(9). . View in PubMed
  • Porcine vocal fold elasticity evaluation using Brillouin spectroscopy J Biomed Opt. 2023 08; 28(8):087002. . View in PubMed
  • Fabrication of waveguide directional couplers using 2-photon lithography Opt Express. 2023 Jul 31; 31(16):26323-26334. . View in PubMed
  • The impact of targeted ablation of one row of outer hair cells and Deiters’ cells on cochlear amplification J Neurophysiol. 2022 11 01; 128(5):1365-1373. . View in PubMed
  • Unloading outer hair cell bundles in vivo does not yield evidence of spontaneous oscillations in the mouse cochlea Hear Res. 2022 09 15; 423:108473. . View in PubMed
  • Interplay between traveling wave propagation and amplification at the apex of the mouse cochlea Biophys J. 2022 08 02; 121(15):2940-2951. . View in PubMed
  • COVID-19 in the Clinic: Aerosol Containment Mask for Endoscopic Otolaryngologic Clinic Procedures Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2022 05; 166(5):850-857. . View in PubMed
  • Vector of motion measurements in the living cochlea using a 3D OCT vibrometry system Biomed Opt Express. 2022 Apr 01; 13(4):2542-2553. . View in PubMed
  • COVID-19 in the Clinic: Human Testing of an Aerosol Containment Mask for Endoscopic Clinic Procedures Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2022 04; 166(4):669-675. . View in PubMed
  • Cochlear outer hair cell electromotility enhances organ of Corti motion on a cycle-by-cycle basis at high frequencies in vivo Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2021 10 26; 118(43). . View in PubMed
  • In vivo functional imaging of the human middle ear with a hand-held optical coherence tomography device Biomed Opt Express. 2021 Aug 01; 12(8):5196-5213. . View in PubMed
  • Development and Characterization of PLGA-Based Multistage Delivery System for Enhanced Payload Delivery to Targeted Vascular Endothelium Macromol Biosci. 2021 03; 21(3):e2000377. . View in PubMed
  • In Vivo Cochlear imaging provides a tool to study endolymphatic hydrops J Vestib Res. 2021; 31(4):269-276. . View in PubMed
  • Endolymphatic Hydrops is a Marker of Synaptopathy Following Traumatic Noise Exposure Front Cell Dev Biol. 2021; 9:747870. . View in PubMed
  • Dual-modality optical coherence tomography and frequency-domain fluorescence lifetime imaging microscope system for intravascular imaging J Biomed Opt. 2020 09; 25(9). . View in PubMed
  • Methylene blue-filled biodegradable polymer particles as a contrast agent for optical coherence tomography Biomed Opt Express. 2020 Aug 01; 11(8):4255-4274. . View in PubMed
  • Direct frequency domain fluorescence lifetime imaging using field programmable gate arrays for real time processing Rev Sci Instrum. 2020 Mar 01; 91(3):033708. . View in PubMed
  • Noise and sensitivity in optical coherence tomography based vibrometry Opt Express. 2019 Nov 11; 27(23):33333-33350. . View in PubMed
  • Picometer scale vibrometry in the human middle ear using a surgical microscope based optical coherence tomography and vibrometry system Biomed Opt Express. 2019 Sep 01; 10(9):4395-4410. . View in PubMed
  • Automated detection of superficial macrophages in atherosclerotic plaques using autofluorescence lifetime imaging Atherosclerosis. 2019 06; 285:120-127. . View in PubMed
  • Amplification and Suppression of Traveling Waves along the Mouse Organ of Corti: Evidence for Spatial Variation in the Longitudinal Coupling of Outer Hair Cell-Generated Forces J Neurosci. 2019 03 06; 39(10):1805-1816. . View in PubMed
  • Organ of Corti vibration within the intact gerbil cochlea measured by volumetric optical coherence tomography and vibrometry J Neurophysiol. 2018 12 01; 120(6):2847-2857. . View in PubMed
  • Mammalian Auditory Hair Cell Bundle Stiffness Affects Frequency Tuning by Increasing Coupling along the Length of the Cochlea Cell Rep. 2018 06 05; 23(10):2915-2927. . View in PubMed
  • Osmotic stabilization prevents cochlear synaptopathy after blast trauma Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2018 05 22; 115(21):E4853-E4860. . View in PubMed
  • Endoscopic optical coherence tomography enables morphological and subnanometer vibratory imaging of the porcine cochlea through the round window Opt Lett. 2018 May 01; 43(9):1966-1969. . View in PubMed
  • Hybrid nonlinear photoacoustic and reflectance confocal microscopy for label-free subcellular imaging with a single light source Opt Lett. 2017 Oct 01; 42(19):4028-4031. . View in PubMed
  • ELHnet: a convolutional neural network for classifying cochlear endolymphatic hydrops imaged with optical coherence tomography Biomed Opt Express. 2017 Oct 01; 8(10):4579-4594. . View in PubMed
  • Enhanced coupling of light into a turbid medium through microscopic interface engineering Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2017 07 25; 114(30):7941-7946. . View in PubMed
  • Computer-aided detection and quantification of endolymphatic hydrops within the mouse cochlea in vivo using optical coherence tomography J Biomed Opt. 2017 07 01; 22(7):76002. . View in PubMed
  • Hair cell force generation does not amplify or tune vibrations within the chicken basilar papilla Nat Commun. 2016 10 31; 7:13133. . View in PubMed
  • Multimodal optical coherence tomography and fluorescence lifetime imaging with interleaved excitation sources for simultaneous endogenous and exogenous fluorescence Biomed Opt Express. 2016 Sep 01; 7(9):3184-3197. . View in PubMed
  • Two-Dimensional Cochlear Micromechanics Measured In Vivo Demonstrate Radial Tuning within the Mouse Organ of Corti J Neurosci. 2016 08 03; 36(31):8160-73. . View in PubMed
  • Automated analysis of multimodal fluorescence lifetime imaging and optical coherence tomography data for the diagnosis of oral cancer in the hamster cheek pouch model Biomed Opt Express. 2016 May 01; 7(5):2000-15. . View in PubMed
  • Lensless, ultra-wideband fiber optic rotary joint for biomedical applications Opt Lett. 2016 May 01; 41(9):1973-6. . View in PubMed
  • High-speed spectral calibration by complex FIR filter in phase-sensitive optical coherence tomography Biomed Opt Express. 2016 Apr 01; 7(4):1430-44. . View in PubMed
  • Optical Coherence Tomography to Measure Sound-Induced Motions Within the Mouse Organ of Corti In Vivo Methods Mol Biol. 2016; 1427:449-62. . View in PubMed
  • Simultaneous morphological and biochemical endogenous optical imaging of atherosclerosis Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2015 Aug; 16(8):910-8. . View in PubMed
  • Miniature, minimally invasive, tunable endoscope for investigation of the middle ear Biomed Opt Express. 2015 Jun 01; 6(6):2246-57. . View in PubMed
  • In vivo molecular contrast OCT imaging of methylene blue Opt Lett. 2015 Apr 01; 40(7):1426-9. . View in PubMed
  • Noninvasive in vivo imaging reveals differences between tectorial membrane and basilar membrane traveling waves in the mouse cochlea Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015 Mar 10; 112(10):3128-33. . View in PubMed
  • In vivo pump-probe optical coherence tomography imaging in Xenopus laevis J Biophotonics. 2015 Jan; 8(1-2):25-35. . View in PubMed
  • Phase-sensitive optical coherence tomography using an Vernier-tuned distributed Bragg reflector swept laser in the mouse middle ear Opt Lett. 2014 Nov 01; 39(21):6233-6. . View in PubMed
  • Volumetric imaging of erythrocytes using label-free multiphoton photoacoustic microscopy J Biophotonics. 2014 Oct; 7(10):834-40. . View in PubMed
  • Vibration of the organ of Corti within the cochlear apex in mice J Neurophysiol. 2014 Sep 01; 112(5):1192-204. . View in PubMed
  • Simplified method for ultra high-resolution photoacoustic microscopy via transient absorption Opt Lett. 2014 Aug 01; 39(15):4474-7. . View in PubMed
  • Automated classification of optical coherence tomography images for the diagnosis of oral malignancy in the hamster cheek pouch J Biomed Opt. 2014 Aug; 19(8):086022. . View in PubMed
  • Molecular Imaging in Optical Coherence Tomography Curr Mol Imaging. 2014 Jul 01; 3(2):88-105. . View in PubMed
  • Molecular specificity in photoacoustic microscopy by time-resolved transient absorption Opt Lett. 2014 Jun 01; 39(11):3102-5. . View in PubMed
  • Chromatic confocal microscopy for multi-depth imaging of epithelial tissue Biomed Opt Express. 2013 May 01; 4(5):732-40. . View in PubMed
  • In vivo vibrometry inside the apex of the mouse cochlea using spectral domain optical coherence tomography Biomed Opt Express. 2013 Feb 01; 4(2):230-40. . View in PubMed
  • Continuous real-time photoacoustic demodulation via field programmable gate array for dynamic imaging of zebrafish cardiac cycle Biomed Opt Express. 2013; 4(8):1451-63. . View in PubMed
  • Application of non-negative matrix factorization to multispectral FLIM data analysis Biomed Opt Express. 2012 Sep 01; 3(9):2244-62. . View in PubMed
  • Biochemical characterization of atherosclerotic plaques by endogenous multispectral fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy Atherosclerosis. 2012 Feb; 220(2):394-401. . View in PubMed
  • Imaging high-frequency periodic motion in the mouse ear with coherently interleaved optical coherence tomography Opt Lett. 2011 Dec 01; 36(23):4716-8. . View in PubMed
  • Quantitative imaging of cochlear soft tissues in wild-type and hearing-impaired transgenic mice by spectral domain optical coherence tomography Opt Express. 2011 Aug 01; 19(16):15415-28. . View in PubMed
  • Cornea microstructure and mechanical responses measured with nonlinear optical and optical coherence microscopy using sub-10-fs pulses Biomed Opt Express. 2011 Apr 11; 2(5):1135-46. . View in PubMed
  • In vivo simultaneous morphological and biochemical optical imaging of oral epithelial cancer IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 2010 Oct; 57(10):2596-9. . View in PubMed
  • Ultrahigh resolution photoacoustic microscopy via transient absorption Biomed Opt Express. 2010 Aug 23; 1(2):676-686. . View in PubMed
  • High-speed multispectral fluorescence lifetime imaging implementation for in vivo applications Opt Lett. 2010 Aug 01; 35(15):2558-60. . View in PubMed
  • Off-axis photoacoustic microscopy IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 2010 Aug; 57(8):1835-8. . View in PubMed
  • A dual-modality optical coherence tomography and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy system for simultaneous morphological and biochemical tissue characterization Biomed Opt Express. 2010 Jul 16; 1(1):186-200. . View in PubMed
  • Fourier domain Pump-Probe Optical Coherence Tomography imaging of melanin Opt Express. 2010 Jun 07; 18(12):12399-410. . View in PubMed
  • Multiphoton coherence domain molecular imaging with pump-probe optical coherence microscopy Opt Lett. 2010 Feb 15; 35(4):532-4. . View in PubMed
  • Multimodal optical imaging for simultaneous in-vivo morphological and biochemical characterization of oral epithelial cancer Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2010; 2010:1970-3. . View in PubMed
  • A bioluminescence-based assay for enumeration of lytic bacteriophage J Microbiol Methods. 2009 Oct; 79(1):18-22. . View in PubMed
  • Spectral domain phase microscopy for local measurements of cytoskeletal rheology in single cells J Biomed Opt. 2007 Jul-Aug; 12(4):044008. . View in PubMed
  • Molecular imaging of endogenous and exogenous chromophores using ground state recovery pump-probe optical coherence tomography Opt Express. 2006 Oct 02; 14(20):9142-55. . View in PubMed
  • Real-time quadrature projection complex conjugate resolved Fourier domain optical coherence tomography Opt Lett. 2006 Aug 15; 31(16):2426-8. . View in PubMed
  • Theoretical comparison of the sensitivity of molecular contrast optical coherence tomography techniques Opt Express. 2005 Oct 03; 13(20):8146-63. . View in PubMed
  • Spectral domain second-harmonic optical coherence tomography Opt Lett. 2005 Sep 15; 30(18):2391-3. . View in PubMed
  • Influence of irrigant needle depth in removing bioluminescent bacteria inoculated into instrumented root canals using real-time imaging in vitro Int Endod J. 2005 Feb; 38(2):97-104. . View in PubMed
  • Polarization-resolved second-harmonic-generation optical coherence tomography in collagen Opt Lett. 2004 Oct 01; 29(19):2252-4. . View in PubMed
  • Electron impact ionization in helium nanodroplets: controlling fragmentation by active cooling of molecular ions J Am Chem Soc. 2004 Sep 15; 126(36):11283-92. . View in PubMed
  • Spectral triangulation molecular contrast optical coherence tomography with indocyanine green as the contrast agent Opt Lett. 2004 Sep 01; 29(17):2016-8. . View in PubMed
  • Explorations of conical intersections and their ramifications for chemistry through the Jahn-Teller effect Chem Soc Rev. 2003 Jan; 32(1):38-49. . View in PubMed
  • Validity of DSM-IV ADHD J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2001 May; 40(5):502-4. . View in PubMed
  • Relation of age of onset to the type and severity of child and adolescent conduct problems J Abnorm Child Psychol. 1999 Aug; 27(4):247-60. . View in PubMed
  • Validity of DSM-IV subtypes of conduct disorder based on age of onset J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1998 Apr; 37(4):435-42. . View in PubMed
  • Validity of the age-of-onset criterion for ADHD: a report from the DSM-IV field trials J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1997 Sep; 36(9):1211-21. . View in PubMed
  • Twenty-one-month follow-up study of school-age children exposed to Hurricane Andrew J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1996 Mar; 35(3):359-64. . View in PubMed
  • Developmental change in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in boys: a four-year longitudinal study J Abnorm Child Psychol. 1995 Dec; 23(6):729-49. . View in PubMed
  • Psychological effects of Hurricane Andrew on an elementary school population J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1995 Sep; 34(9):1185-92. . View in PubMed
  • DSM-IV field trials for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents Am J Psychiatry. 1994 Nov; 151(11):1673-85. . View in PubMed
  • DSM-IV field trials for oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder in children and adolescents Am J Psychiatry. 1994 Aug; 151(8):1163-71. . View in PubMed
  • DSM-IV field trials for the disruptive behavior disorders: symptom utility estimates J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1994 May; 33(4):529-39. . View in PubMed
  • Young boys who commit serious sexual offenses: demographics, psychometrics, and phenomenology Bull Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 1993; 21(4):399-408. . View in PubMed
  • An investigation of somatic anxiety and intelligence in children using the Kaufman-ABC and an Apple IIe program measuring heart rate Percept Mot Skills. 1990 Apr; 70(2):387-94. . View in PubMed
  • Effects of background event rate on sustained attention of mentally retarded and nonretarded adults Am J Ment Retard. 1990 Mar; 94(5):499-508. . View in PubMed
  • A modified technique for semen collection by electroejaculation in the domestic cat Theriogenology. 1986 Sep; 26(3):357-64. . View in PubMed